An AND gate is a fundamental digital logic gate that produces an output of true (1) only when all its inputs are true (1). 

It operates under a simple rule: for multiple inputs, the output is true only if every single input is true. 

For example, if you have two inputs and both are true (1 and 1), the output will be true (1). However, if either one or both of the inputs are false (0 and 0, 0 and 1, or 1 and 0), the output will be false (0). 

You can toggle the switches and simulate the AND gate's behavior to see how the bulb glows only when both switches are on (true), illustrating how the AND gate requires all conditions to be met for the output to be activated. 

An OR gate is a fundamental digital logic gate that produces an output of true (1) if at least one of its inputs is true (1).

It operates under a simple rule: for multiple inputs, the output is true if any single input is true. 

For example, if you have two inputs and either one or both are true (1 and 0, 0 and 1, or 1 and 1), the output will be true (1). However, if both inputs are false (0 and 0), the output will be false (0). 

You can toggle the switches and simulate the OR gate's behavior to see how the bulb glows when at least one switch is on (true), illustrating how the OR gate requires only one condition to be met for the output to be activated.

A NOT gate, also known as an inverter, is a fundamental digital logic gate that produces an output that is the opposite of its input. 

It operates under a simple rule: if the input is true (1), the output is false (0), and if the input is false (0), the output is true (1). 

For example, if you have an input of true (1), the output will be false (0). Conversely, if the input is false (0), the output will be true (1). 

You can toggle the switch and simulate the NOT gate's behavior to see how the bulb turns off when the switch is on (true) and turns on when the switch is off (false), illustrating how the NOT gate inverts the input signal.

An XOR (exclusive OR) gate is a fundamental digital logic gate that produces an output of true (1) only when the number of true (1) inputs is odd.

It operates under a simple rule: for two inputs, the output is true if and only if one input is true and the other is false. 

For example, if you have two inputs and one is true (1 and 0, or 0 and 1), the output will be true (1). However, if both inputs are false (0 and 0) or both are true (1 and 1), the output will be false (0). 

You can toggle the switches and simulate the XOR gate's behavior to see how the bulb glows only when one switch is on (true) and the other is off (false), illustrating how the XOR gate checks for inequality between its inputs to activate the output.

A NOR gate is a fundamental digital logic gate that produces an output of false (0) if at least one of its inputs is true (1). 

It operates under a simple rule: for multiple inputs, the output is true only if all inputs are false. 

For example, if you have two inputs and both are false (0 and 0), the output will be true (1). However, if either one or both inputs are true (0 and 1, 1 and 0, or 1 and 1), the output will be false (0). 

You can toggle the switches and simulate the NOR gate's behavior to see how the bulb glows only when both switches are off (false), illustrating how the NOR gate requires all conditions to be unmet for the output to be activated.

A NAND gate is a fundamental digital logic gate that produces an output of true (1) if at least one of its inputs is false (0).  

It operates under a simple rule: for multiple inputs, the output is false only if all inputs are true. 

For example, if you have two inputs and both are true (1 and 1), the output will be false (0). However, if either one or both of the inputs are false (0 and 0, 0 and 1, or 1 and 0), the output will be true (1). 

You can toggle the switches and simulate the NAND gate's behavior to see how the bulb glows whenever at least one switch is off (false), illustrating how the NAND gate requires all conditions to be met for the output to be deactivated.

An XNOR (exclusive NOR) gate is a fundamental digital logic gate that produces an output of true (1) only when its inputs are equal.

It operates under a simple rule: for two inputs, the output is true if both inputs are the same, either both true (1 and 1) or both false (0 and 0). 

For example, if you have two inputs and both are true (1 and 1) or both are false (0 and 0), the output will be true (1). However, if one input is true and the other is false (1 and 0, or 0 and 1), the output will be false (0). 

You can toggle the switches and simulate the XNOR gate's behavior to see how the bulb glows when both switches are in the same state (both on or both off), illustrating how the XNOR gate checks for equality between its inputs to activate the output.

A buffer gate is a fundamental digital logic gate that simply outputs the same value as its input. 

It operates under a very straightforward rule: the output is true (1) if the input is true (1), and the output is false (0) if the input is false (0). 

Essentially, it acts as a signal repeater without changing the signal. For example, if the input is true (1), the output will also be true (1). Conversely, if the input is false (0), the output will also be false (0). 

You can toggle the switch and simulate the buffer gate's behavior to see how the bulb glows when the switch is on (true) and turns off when the switch is off (false), illustrating how the buffer gate faithfully reproduces the input signal at the output.